I would like to introduce one of “my” Medieval research area queens: Urraca, ruler of much of Spain from 1109-1126. I like her for many reasons, but one of my favorite things about Urraca was her tenacity. She really steered an unlikely trajectory, and kept reasserting her own life’s ambitions despite the ways her plans […]
Medieval Queen Urraca of Spain Read More »
Thus horrific scene is a Medieval illustration of a group of people with leprosy being burned at the stake. Government authorities in southern France were consumed with mass hysteria in 1321, and rounded up scores of people with this disease — they were convinced that the lepers were planning on poisoning wells in order to
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Here is a grim piece of testimony concerning the horrific ways that anti-Semitism played out in Medieval Europe, especially as the period went on. This is an illustration of the Third Crusade of Pastoureaux, or Shepherds’ Crusade, which happened in northern France in 1320. Trapped in a burning tower, Jews (identified by badges they were
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Here you are looking at a diagram of the Medieval universe. Or, a giant mystical vulva — your choice.In the Middle Ages, it was common to depict the macro-cosmos as a sort of expanded version of the micro, much like the fresco painted in the late fourteenth century by Piero di Puccio (4th slide), which
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The Morgan Picture Bible, a.k.a. “The Crusader Bible” is one of the pinnacles of 13th-century French Gothic illumination. Regardless whether it was commissioned by the saint-king Louis IX of France, as many art historians have argued, the 283 gorgeously painted illustrations certainly characterize the zeal of the crusader movement in Europe. In it, artists have
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Look closely, and you’ll see if you squint . . . Not the holy hand grenade, but the Holy Lance! You know — the artifact that in the Christian Gospel of John was used by a Roman soldier to pierce the side of Jesus after he had died on the cross? (John 19:34). A quick
The Holy Lance of the First Crusade Read More »
These cages still hang from the Church of Saint Lambert in the German city of Munster. Empty now, for many many years they contained the decaying corpses of three religious leaders put to death in one of the many bloody conflicts of the Protestant Reformation era. In 1534-1535, Munster became an epicenter of the religious
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In the Middle Ages, the lens of Christianity permeated the world view to a degree unimaginable today. We can see this with the descriptions and illustrations of animals like the lion, whom many authors considered king of the beasts. And, since they thought that God/Christ ruled over the universe, lions were compared symbolically to the
Some readers might remember the television show _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_ from back in the day. The leading superhero Buffy constantly eviscerated all kinds of demons in her neighborhood in sunny southern California, because — unbeknownst to local residents — it was located right on top of a Hellmouth. Turns out, the show’s writers weren’t
Medieval Belief of Hellmouth Read More »
“Lilith” is a sculpture I would pay money to take a pilgrimage to see. Created by artist Kiki Smith in 1994 out of bronze and glass, the statue of Lilith crouches, tense and fierce. Her eyes stare out with a contact that seems physical.The stories of the demon Lilith emerged over hundreds of years, but
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The imposing walls of the Masyaf castle in Syria speak to the formidable command of its Medieval occupants. This was one of the fortresses run by the Nizari Ismaili sect of Muslims — better known as the Assassins.Run by a charismatic leader sometimes called “The Old Man of the Mountain” (also Hasan-e Sabbah), the Assassins
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Sometimes, history is so weird I don’t even know where to begin. Strap in, people, because today’s post is about ideas Medieval people had about menstruation.The two illuminated manuscript illustrations both show graphic depictions of the wounds of Christ. And if you’re thinking that those pictures don’t immediately conjure up the side of Jesus, lanced
Medieval Menstruation and Jesus’s Wounds Read More »
Here’s a detail from a fresco by the early 15th-century painter Giovanni da Modena, showing Satan munching on some poor damned soul, while defecating some other poor damned soul from his mouth-sphincter. Eew. The grotesque body of the Devil would have been especially horrifying in light of the Medieval belief that Satan had once had
The Story of Lucifer’s Uprising Read More »
Many Ancient and Medieval ideas about how the human body worked seem laughable now, but before the science of molecular biology developed, a lot of conclusions just had to be conjecture (fueled also by cultural and confirmation bias). And that’s why – well into the early modern era – many scientists believed that menstrual blood
Early Modern Medical Idea of the Female Vein Read More »
Here is Nero, being a jerk watching his mom Agrippina get dissected. He killed her as well, making him a double-jerk. But what might be surprising about this Medieval scene is that the actual dissection of cadavers was an okay and not-considered-jerk behavior – in the right circumstances, of course. For a long period, historians
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Here is an illustration of a human’s digestive system, as imagined by one Guido de Vigevano in 1345 CE. There’s a lot he got right here — esophagus, diaphragm, stomach, intestines, and sphincter. But there’s obviously also a lot of missing details, and so it’s not surprising that 14th-century ideas about digestion were similarly faulty.
Guido de Vigevano’s Illustrated Human Digestive System Read More »
Readers of this post might remember a recent article illustrating the way menstrual blood and images of vaginas paralleled the wound in Christ’s side in Medieval culture. (I promise I am not making this up.) A few posts later, I showed that before Europe’s scientific revolution, anatomists thought that breast milk was menstrual blood that
Medieval Belief that Jesus was a Mother Read More »
In the Central Middle Ages (c.1050-1350), the big-boss philosophers were the scholastics, and this guy here was one of the biggest. May I introduce to you the Franciscan friar and famed developer of epistemology (the philosophy of how we know things), William of Ockham. He lived from 1285 to 1347 and settled in many different
William of Ockham and “Ockham’s Razor” Read More »
Ossuaries, or containers where the bones of the dead are placed, are not unusual for many places in Europe, where burial ground space can be at a premium. But the archaeology site recently excavated at the Cathedral of Saint Bavo, in the Belgian city of Ghent, is one-of-a-kind. Nine walls have been uncovered that are
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Check out this monk, sneaking extra wine . . . Well, it’s five o’clock somewhere, right? This miniature was painted in the late 13th century and suggests that not all Medieval clergy lived up to their avowed profession that emphasized denial of worldly pleasures. Similar conclusions can be drawn by examining a genre of music
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