Five thousand years ago, ancient Middle Eastern Mesopotamian civilizations developed the written word, and this invention galvanized other areas of culture such as literature and the visual arts. And so we see seals — such as the one here made of shell from the Akkadian period (2334-2154 BCE) — which often showcased religious and political […]
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Across the millennia, one of our common traits is the desire to feel special: this has been played out in terms of aristocratic status, patriarchal markers, race, and middle-school politics. Finding a solid boundary between “human” and “non-human” is yet another instance of seeking specialness. However, both scientists and historians are making this boundary increasingly
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The use of magical amulets and charms was common in the Ancient Roman world, where most people didn’t think material causality determined their futures. Instead, more people considered the dangerous forces of fate, the daemonia who embodied those forces, or the Gods to be the primary agents in everyday existence. In order to gain some
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Across the world, prehistoric cultures have marked the landscape with monuments expressed as mounds, circles, and ditches. Anthropologists frequently interpret these structures in light of their astronomical or religious focus, but recent research by Lynne Kelly has argued for a more pragmatic function. It turns out, cultures transitioning from nomadism to full-time agriculture across the
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Here are the Indian deity Krishna and his beloved gopi (milkmaid) and constant companion Radha, playing the ancient Indian board game known as chaturanga. In Sanskrit, “chaturanga” means “four-limbs,” and in this game, the name refers to a millenia-old Indian military setup that included four branches: elephants, chariotry, cavalry, and infantry. Chaturanga was the predecessor
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You are looking at one of over half a million pieces of ancient papyrus writing, found in perhaps the most famous trash-heap in history: Oxyrhynchus. Located in Egypt, Oxyrhynchus was a flourishing city between the 200s BCE to the 600s CE, with the sort of weather patterns that make archaeologists’ hearts flutter because they preserve
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The interpretation of art highly depends on context. This figurine from the late Classical Maya world (600-900CE), for instance, might appear to modern viewers as a seated woman with a pained expression: indeed, the figure has a hunched back. The statue might even evoke pity in us — but these impressions and sentiments were probably
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These gold dentures from the Ancient Etruscan culture seemed to have been popular on the northern portion of the Italian Peninsula from the late eighth through the mid sixth centuries. Even though extant Etruscan writings are limited to inscriptions, archaeological evidence suggests that they were worn to show off the wearer’s elite status, and those
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The odd-shaped object you are looking at is none other than the Liver of Piacenza. This slightly three-dimensional object d’arte was fashioned by Etruscans living in the second century BCE. The main disk represents a sheep’s liver, with the three protrusions standing for the gall bladder and two other parts of a liver (called the
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Although the Ancient Roman aristocracy certainly showed off their social status with elaborate banquets, they did not actually purge themselves in rooms called “Vomitoria.” This misconception arose from some 19th- and 20th- century writers, who claimed that a Vomitorium was where Romans deliberately threw up their food so they could keep eating. In fact, the
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The exquisite sculpture in the first image you see is the “Lely Venus,” a second-century Roman copy of a Hellenistic original. The second photo is a phallus carved into stone, pointing the way to a brothel in the Ancient city of Pompeii. What makes the first a work of beauty, and the second a vulgarity?
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This is Seshat, the Ancient Egyptian Goddess of wisdom and writing. It is also the name of an extremely ambitious historical database run by Peter Turchin, a professor of evolutionary biology and a mathematician at the University of Connecticut. He is trying to collect big data about human civilizations in order to predict human behavior
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This is a section of a 13th-century copy of an Ancient Roman map from about 400 CE. Called the _Tabula Peutingeriana_, it depicts the intricate system of roads and passages that made up the official courier service connecting the Empire. This infrastructure was known as the _Cursus Publicus_, and lasted for centuries as the primary
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“The Priestess of Delphi,” by John Collier (1891). This haunting painting of one of the famous oracles from Ancient Greece – known as the Sibyls – is reflective of the lack of certainty modern scholars have about what specific prophecies the oracles pronounced. We know that the Romans truly believed that one of the Sibyls
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Religious traditions across history have commonly developed rituals around purity and how to properly bury the dead: quite often, these areas overlapped. In the ancient period of the Zoroastrian religion (developing in modern Iran), records of disposing human corpses in a non-polluting way were documented as early as the fifth century BCE. Zoroastrians thought that
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Shown here is a carved relief of the Ancient Roman goddess known as Bona Dea. Usually she holds a cornucopia in one hand and a bowl in the other from which snakes feed. These attributes demonstrate her role in fertility, for which she was worshipped throughout the Roman centuries — mainly by women of all
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Suicide has been met with approbation, criticism, horror, or distain, depending on the culture and circumstance of the act. In the Ancient Mediterranean world, elite people who were condemned to death by the state – or facing eminent death by political opponents – thought of suicide as a more honorable path. Pictured here is “Sofonisba
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One of my favorite moments in literature comes from the Ancient Roman poet Ovid’s _Metamorphosis_, which weaves together all the myths of the Olympian deities into one narrative. Among the hundreds of tales Ovid relates is the story of the contest between the Goddess Minerva and the young maiden Arachne, whose talents for weaving exquisite
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Cosplay is not new: dressing up in character has a long legacy, and has been considered appropriate in different occasions. Whereas in current American culture, you go to special conferences or wait for Halloween, in seventeenth-century Europe you would try to hire a fancy portrait artist and make a subtle statement about your personality and
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This terracotta statue from Ancient Rome of a breastfeeding mother with four swaddled infants gets at the challenges of raising babies when resources were scarce and infant mortality high. Scholars have been debating the extent to which ordinary people practiced infanticide, but it was undertaken without criminal prosecution in the Ancient Roman world. After all,
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